用于SAR、GMTI和海上监视的X波段宽带试验机载雷达

加拿大渥太华的防务研究和发展部门已完成了一种新型多模X波段宽带试验机载雷达（XWEAR）第一阶段的研制工作，这是对合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像、逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）、地面动目标显示（GMTI）雷达和海上监视雷达的支持研究，特别集中在对小型目标的探测和远距离的面上目标监视。特别关注的领域有：静止和运动目标的SAR成像技术、海上和陆地动目标的时间一频率分析、用于GMTI的空时自适应处理、对海面电磁后向散射特性的研究、自动目标识别和特征提取的特征产生、以及宽带系统对付电子干扰的抗干扰性分析。第一阶段是以SAR和海上监视模式的飞行试验结束的。第二阶段将进行大范围监视GMTI（WASGMTI）和综合SAR-GMTI模式的飞行试验。简述了试验雷达并介绍了它的数据采集能力。区别特征包括X波段的运行、SAR和海上监视的单通道运行以及WAS-GMTI和综合SAR-GMTI的双通道运行。该新型雷达将现有的数字扫描转换器的用途扩大为控制器，已有的商用元件有：发射机、A／D转换器和计算机电路板。定时电路、波形产生器、单通道和双通道的接收机可以按用户需要定制。     

CASH 2021: commercial access and space habitation

Issues about commercialization of space have been a growing concern in the past decade for the space community. This paper focuses on the work from a team of 51 students attending the Summer Session Program of the International Space University in Bremen, Germany. CASH 2021 (Commercial Access and Space Habitation) documents a plan that identifies commercial opportunities for space utilization that will extend human presence in space, and will chart the way forward for the next 20 years. The group selected four commercial sectors that show the most promise for the future: tourism, entertainment, space system service, assembly and debris removal, and research and development/production. The content of this document presents the results of their research. Historical activities in each of the commercial sectors are reviewed along with the current market situation. To provide a coherent background for future commercialization possibilities a scenario has been developed. This scenario includes a postulated upon ideal future and includes social, political and economic factors that may affect the space industry over the timeline of the study. The study also presents a roadmap, within the limited optimistic scenario developed, for the successful commercialization of space leading to future human presence in space. A broad range of commercially viable opportunities, not only within the current limits of the International Space Station, but also among the many new developments that are expected by 2021 are discussed.     

Evaluation of bleomycin-induced chromosome aberrations under simulated microgravity conditions in human lymphocytes using "FISH" techniques

In the present investigation we report the effects of simulated microgravity conditions (clinostat) on the induction of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro by (R) Bleomycin. Chromosomal aberrations have been analysed by means of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and chromosome-specific composite DNA probes (chromosome painting). The results obtained show that, under simulated microgravity conditions, the levels of both symmetrical and asymmetrical (dicentrics, rings), the number of cells bearing "complex" aberrations and hence the total numbers of aberrations were significantly elevated at any of the dose-levels assayed, compared to the parallel treatments performed as 1g control ("ground"). Furthermore, the ratio symmetrical:asymmetrical translocations was markedly elevated under simulated microgravity conditions, compared to the findings usually observed under "normal" 1g conditions. On these bases, we are much inclined to believe that simulated microgravity, rather than limiting the resealing of DNA double strand breaks (DSB's) induced by genotoxic agents is influencing in terms of enhancement the misrejoining of DSB's which is actually responsible for the fixation of the original lesions to DNA into chromosomal aberrations. In addition, the possible different misrepair processes leading to the formation of symmetrical and asymmetrical translocations might be differentially influenced by microgravity being the symmetrical translocations significantly more represented.     

阿里安—4的固体助推器

本文介绍了阿里安—4固体助推器的结构和设计;详细地讨论了将阿里安—3的经验和试验结果改动最小地用于阿里安—4的结构设计问题;还介绍了研制和鉴定试验的详细结果。     

New results for the space radiation environment of MIR space station obtained by Liulin dosimeter-radiometer. Comparison with LET spectrometer NAUSICAA

Since 1988 high sensitivity semiconductor dosimeter-radiometer “Liulin” worked on board of MIR space station. Device measured the absorbed dose rate and the flux of penetrating particles. The analysis of the data hows the following new results:

In October 1989 and after March 24, 1991, two additional stable maximums in flux channel were observed in the southern-eastern part of South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). These two maximums existed at least several months and seem to be due to trapped high energy electron and proton fluxes. In April 1991 additional maximums were localized in the following geographical coordinates regions: LATITUDE = (−35 °)–(−50 °) LONGITUDE = 332 ° − 16 ° and lat.(−46 °)–(−52 °) long. 360 ° − 60 °. Additional maximums diffusion occurs inside radiation belt. Appearance of these maximums seems to be closely connected with preceding powerful solar proton events and associated geomagnetic dynamics of new belt disturbances. After the series of solar proton events in June 1991 we observed significant enhancement of this new radiation belt formation. To achieve sufficient accuracy of dose rate predictions in low Earth orbits the structure and dynamics of new belt should be carefully analyzed to be included in a new environment model.

From the inter comparison of the data from “Liulin” and French developed tissue equivalent LET spectrometer NAUSICAA in the time period August–November 1992 we come to the following conclusions: Mainly there is good agreement between both data sets for absorbed dose in the region of SAA; Different situation of the instruments on the station can explain the cases when differences up to 2 times are observed; At high latitudes usually the tissue equivalent absorbed dose observations are 2 times larger than “Liulin” doses.     

美国远程攻击力量的平衡

未来世界无法准确预测，技术、战术、威胁以及政策瞬息万变，而美国短程和远程攻击力量已老化的现状迫使美国有必要在远程和短程攻击力量之间制定一个灵活、平衡的采购策略。文章就此问题展开讨论，提出了富有建设性的战略分析建议。     

欧洲空间操作中心的精密轨道确定

目前,欧洲空间操作中心正在进行着一项需4年时间的开发计划,以支持未来的需要高精度轨道确定的ESA近地飞行任务。该工作是围绕着欧洲空间操作中心已开发的供轨道确定和误差分析用的一个软件系统进行的,该软件含有适合于各种轨道摄动和测量类型的先进模型。除了卫星轨道参数外,它还能对地球物理参数和测地参数进行估计和误差分析。     

美国战略轰炸机发展回顾（1）

文章通过对第二次世界大战以后美国在喷气式轰炸机的研发历史中表现出的主要趋势的分析，分析了主承包商在以前的轰炸机以及其它相关的研发活动中的经验及作用。报告以（1992）Drezner等人报告的早期的兰德研究为基础。后期还有一份关于战斗机研发的分析报告。本研究是一项旨在提供一个可以用于分析未来空军工业基础研发活动的方案框架。报告将是Michael Kennedy、Susan Resetar和Nicole DeHoratius等人准备的另一份研究文件的补充，在他们的研究中，为了评估军用航天研发能力，通过提出一个方案框架和一些初步的观点，对更大规模的研究活动进行了分析。报告中的一些研究和分析也出现在John Birkler等人正在准备的兰德报告中，John Birkler等人的报告将是一个关于未来轰炸机设计和生产的工业基础问题和含义的初步分析。决策者、预算和项目计划者正在为美国军用航空航天工业日益减缩的规模和经验基础可能会对支持未来基于军事需求的项目的工业能力感到忧虑，他们会发现这项工作对他们很有帮助。本研究不但对于我们的资助者美国空军有意义，对于负责支持军事航空航天研发活动的其它政府机构（海军、陆军、先进研究计划局、国家航空航天管理局）也是有意义的。本研究计划由位于怀特·帕特森空军基地的空军采购司令部和航空系统中心资助。在兰德公司的空军研究机构的“资源管理和系统采购计划”之下完成。